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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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"PBDE" redirects here. For the Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe), see Protein Data Bank.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Chemical structure of PBDEs
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.082.305 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
C12H10−xBrxO
Molar mass Variable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. Like other brominated flame retardants, PBDEs have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams,[1] and textiles. They are structurally akin to polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other polyhalogenated compounds, consisting of two halogenated aromatic rings. PBDEs are classified according to the average number of bromine atoms in the molecule. The life-saving benefits of fire retardants led to their popularization. Standards for mass transit vehicles continues to increase as of 2021.[2]: 1–26 

Because of their toxicity and persistence, all commercially relevant PBDEs have been marked for elimination under the Stockholm Convention, a treaty to control and phase out major persistent organic pollutants (POPs).[3][4]

Classes of PBDEs

[edit]

The family of PBDEs consists of 209 possible substances, which are called congeners (PBDE = C12H(10−x)BrxO (x = 1, 2, ..., 10 = m + n)). The number of isomers for mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and decabromodiphenyl ethers are 3, 12, 24, 42, 46, 42, 24, 12, 3 and 1, respectively.[5]

Lower-brominated PBDEs with 1–4 bromine atoms per molecule are regarded as more dangerous because they more efficiently bioaccumulate. They have been known to affect thyroid hormone levels, and studies have linked them to reproductive and neurological risks at certain concentrations or higher.[6] Higher-brominated PBDEs are less acutely dangerous but biotically and photochemically debrominate to lower-brominated congeners.[7]

number formula name CAS Number InChIKey
PBDE-1 C12H9BrO 2-bromodiphenyl ether 36563-47-0 RRWFUWRLNIZICP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-2 C12H9BrO 3-bromodiphenyl ether 6876-00-2 AHDAKFFMKLQPTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-3 C12H9BrO 4-bromodiphenyl ether 101-55-3 JDUYPUMQALQRCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-4 C12H8Br2O 2,2'-dibromodiphenyl ether 51452-87-0 JMSKYMHFNWGUJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-5 C12H8Br2O 2,3-dibromodiphenyl ether 446254-14-4 JTYRXXKXOULVAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-6 C12H8Br2O 2,3'-dibromodiphenyl ether 147217-72-9 GODQTPRKFHOLPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-7 C12H8Br2O 2,4-dibromodiphenyl ether 171977-44-9 JMCIHKKTRDLVCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-8 C12H8Br2O 2,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether 147217-71-8 RJQLQJZMLISKRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-9 C12H8Br2O 2,5-dibromodiphenyl ether 337513-66-3 URDWJMUOJJSXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-10 C12H8Br2O 2,6-dibromodiphenyl ether 51930-04-2 MUVDKHMQIZJFTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-11 C12H8Br2O 3,3'-dibromodiphenyl ether 6903-63-5 ALSVFJIXSNRBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-12 C12H8Br2O 3,4-dibromodiphenyl ether 189084-59-1 SUUJFDKVPDCZQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-13 C12H8Br2O 3,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether 83694-71-7 BGPOVBPKODCMMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-14 C12H8Br2O 3,5-dibromodiphenyl ether 46438-88-4 FOXBZJLXVUHYQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-15 C12H8Br2O 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether 2050-47-7 YAWIAFUBXXPJMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-16 C12H7Br3O 2,2',3-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-74-1 VRNGWCVCSHJUEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-17 C12H7Br3O 2,2',4-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-75-2 VYBFILXLBMWOLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-18 C12H7Br3O 2,2',5-tribromodiphenyl ether 407606-55-7 FAZLXBWRNJAGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-19 C12H7Br3O 2,2',6-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-73-0 YDFQHBRKURQGAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-20 C12H7Br3O 2,3,3'-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-76-3 RQJUBSPXDSGLRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-21 C12H7Br3O 2,3,4-tribromodiphenyl ether 337513-67-4 RXWRVYYPLRPDOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-22 C12H7Br3O 2,3,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether 446254-15-5 WZHNIFQVNBINLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-23 C12H7Br3O 2,3,5-tribromodiphenyl ether 446254-16-6 XQHLKDAUZRXBGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-24 C12H7Br3O 2,3,6-tribromodiphenyl ether 218304-36-0 GFLRHBRMAZDOIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-25 C12H7Br3O 2,3',4-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-77-4 AURKEOPYVUYTLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-26 C12H7Br3O 2,3',5-tribromodiphenyl ether 337513-75-4 VUOBKVBAFJQQDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-27 C12H7Br3O 2,3',6-tribromodiphenyl ether 337513-53-8 JUPZALSVNWJHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-28 C12H7Br3O 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether 41318-75-6 UPNBETHEXPIWQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-29 C12H7Br3O 2,4,5-tribromodiphenyl ether 337513-56-1 LTMKAFUXYKEDLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-30 C12H7Br3O 2,4,6-tribromodiphenyl ether 155999-95-4 TVZAPPGLBLTACB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-31 C12H7Br3O 2,4',5-tribromodiphenyl ether 65075-08-3 PURZBWMLFRWRMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-32 C12H7Br3O 2,4',6-tribromodiphenyl ether 189084-60-4 TYDVYKIQSZGUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-33 C12H7Br3O 2,3',4'-tribromodiphenyl ether 49690-94-0 BUQBQEYUVAKJQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-34 C12H7Br3O 2,3',5'-tribromodiphenyl ether 446254-17-7 XMNXHCHZIPYCNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-35 C12H7Br3O 3,3',4-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-80-9 CDVYKQPKJYPWRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-36 C12H7Br3O 3,3',5-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-79-6 XUKPJLVONRTECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-37 C12H7Br3O 3,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether 147217-81-0 YALAYFVVZFORPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-38 C12H7Br3O 3,4,5-tribromodiphenyl ether 337513-54-9 DPGVQKLGQZZLMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-39 C12H7Br3O 3,4',5-tribromodiphenyl ether 407606-57-9 UFFNOPDHJNQYKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-40 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,3'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 337513-77-6 SXSUUFZWSVMTRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-41 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 337513-68-5 UAEBSKBXZAIRMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-42 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-18-8 HQDQKPAHIDGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-43 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-19-9 LKMQHSYDVDIECC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-44 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-20-2 VBGBGTYMDIVKNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-45 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-21-3 VTFWUBIOZQCMQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-46 C12H6Br4O 2,2',3,6'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-22-4 GBUUKJRFSKCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-47 C12H6Br4O 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 5436-43-1 XYBSIYMGXVUVGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-48 C12H6Br4O 2,2',4,5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 337513-55-0 FJGDNHOVDFREMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-49 C12H6Br4O 2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 243982-82-3 QWVDUBDYUPHNHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-50 C12H6Br4O 2,2',4,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-23-5 FXUAKFRJBKFDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-51 C12H6Br4O 2,2',4,6'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 189084-57-9 WKBBBTLDLKYGBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-52 C12H6Br4O 2,2',5,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-24-6 CDTHXJORUCZHMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-53 C12H6Br4O 2,2',5,6'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-25-7 SDVQGIMOFXMKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-54 C12H6Br4O 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-26-8 WCDCHQGVTZHVSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-55 C12H6Br4O 2,3,3',4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-27-9 VIHUMJGEWQPWOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-56 C12H6Br4O 2,3,3',4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-28-0 NFOIVCGFYJIYIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-57 C12H6Br4O 2,3,3',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 337513-82-3 CSIFWDKYUJLQEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-58 C12H6Br4O 2,3,3',5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-29-1 SWOYBZHGPZIRHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-59 C12H6Br4O 2,3,3',6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-30-4 DMAMJZQQOWYEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-60 C12H6Br4O 2,3,4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-31-5 ARERIMFZYPFJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-61 C12H6Br4O 2,3,4,5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-32-6 NDRSXNBQWAOQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-62 C12H6Br4O 2,3,4,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-33-7 YIQYWYZZLOZVRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-63 C12H6Br4O 2,3,4',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-34-8 HNICYXFGCWPYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-64 C12H6Br4O 2,3,4',6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-35-9 LDCXVFJUWKKBNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-65 C12H6Br4O 2,3,5,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-36-0 HPEUYVBOPJQVPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-66 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 189084-61-5 DHUMTYRHKMCVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-67 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4,5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-37-1 OARGWSONVLGXQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-68 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-38-2 UFWGRLCUOLLWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-69 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 327185-09-1 NHZNRCYNZJADTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-70 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-39-3 GHQMTYWQVJZWAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-71 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4',6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 189084-62-6 COPAGYRSCJVION-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-72 C12H6Br4O 2,3',5,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-40-6 GBBNZKQTOOZGIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-73 C12H6Br4O 2,3',5',6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-41-7 WQFLVWXBCRJAQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-74 C12H6Br4O 2,4,4',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-42-8 LXCFDVVDUVPAGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-75 C12H6Br4O 2,4,4',6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 189084-63-7 BWCNKMFFUGBFGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-76 C12H6Br4O 2,3',4',5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-43-9 NCSWBJSFVPJPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-77 C12H6Br4O 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 93703-48-1 RYGLOWMCGZHYRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-78 C12H6Br4O 3,3',4,5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-45-1 HWOBLTZZSVXBOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-79 C12H6Br4O 3,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-48-4 LELQGHJEUVRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-80 C12H6Br4O 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 103173-66-6 HFIOZJQRZKNPKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-81 C12H6Br4O 3,4,4',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 446254-50-8 ULFOIXCXIWHJDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-82 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,3',4-pentabromodiphenyl ether 327185-11-5 RQMSPGJESCCPQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-83 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,3',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-51-9 XAHYSNUYJLNDBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-84 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,3',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-52-0 PPIZNRAVQHNLJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-85 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4,4'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 182346-21-0 DMLQSUZPTTUUDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-86 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-53-1 YMVWYUWOUOQCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-87 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-54-2 WKYQUGCIKNOXFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-88 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-55-3 OPZUHBCVIZNZFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-89 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4,6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-56-4 XGFLJLJXVIMCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-90 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-57-5 BATFXMGTVIESIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-91 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-58-6 HWNJTZKDPNZUSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-92 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-59-7 QWSQOVAGRDRZLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-93 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,5,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-60-0 BRTPVPJQMWLDNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-94 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,5,6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-61-1 JOPASNJHCFYVHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-95 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-62-2 BZDYRALIEYVMEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-96 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,6,6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-63-3 ZFCJNRDWGBZUED-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-97 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4',5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-64-4 MAGYDGJRSCULJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-98 C12H5Br5O 2,2',3,4',6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 38463-82-0 OCLWEJVGAUFXQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-99 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 60348-60-9 WHPVYXDFIXRKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-100 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 189084-64-8 NSKIRYMHNFTRLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-101 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-65-5 QUZWDWNIWWAQDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-102 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,5,6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-66-6 JHFMCUVMAIQWRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-103 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-67-7 RJEMKRNASVHYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-104 C12H5Br5O 2,2',4,6,6'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-68-8 CRSCWEYUPUKHPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-105 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4,4'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 373594-78-6 LBPWAGZGYNOKAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-106 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-69-9 KLQKWMYXEWUAFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-107 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-70-2 OMGVAMFMRSETEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-108 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-71-3 VBKPKHVLHGOKOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-109 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-72-4 FXXXWTMLIQLDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-110 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-73-5 LESZGJVTZILBTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-111 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-74-6 PCHDCOXHJBWEPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-112 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',5,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-75-7 MFBMNSFADPTAKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-113 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-76-8 OGZHLJXRGZFVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-114 C12H5Br5O 2,3,4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-77-9 SFNAUTSNWPPDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-115 C12H5Br5O 2,3,4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-78-0 BKTLDVXDOVSTEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-116 C12H5Br5O 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 189084-65-9 ACRQLFSHISNWRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-117 C12H5Br5O 2,3,4',5,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-79-1 SOJBOGWFDBDWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-118 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-80-4 VTMFEPLDDHZBGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-119 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 189084-66-0 KXEOYBYEJCRPGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-120 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 417727-71-0 AKSBEUHDCRZJAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-121 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4,5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-81-5 GVGNVZBJVFDAAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-122 C12H5Br5O 2,3,3',4',5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-82-6 CDNHGSPFIUITTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-123 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4,4',5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-83-7 SBKMUEQNZNDYFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-124 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4',5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-84-8 FGHJTAAHIFEHLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-125 C12H5Br5O 2,3',4',5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-85-9 SESXKFPOVUVGLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-126 C12H5Br5O 3,3',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether 366791-32-4 SJNIIWPIAVQNRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-127 C12H5Br5O 3,3',4,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether 446254-86-0 RATMRXKBPDCKCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-128 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 182677-28-7 WFLVELCLEGVBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-129 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',4,5-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-87-1 PRNCVYAUCSGSOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-130 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',4,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-88-2 YURCHLXPAGSJHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-131 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',4,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-89-3 MGKVPJFIGGBCBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-132 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-90-6 FFEKBOKDYRZGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-133 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-91-7 XTBFPFHQPGZZJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-134 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-92-8 MIBDGPWSGDWIQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-135 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-93-9 AMGHASDTWACNCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-136 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-94-0 NTWGDSLWLUPCDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-137 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,4',5-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-95-1 HSTYYNPYXZYIAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-138 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 182677-30-1 IZFQCEZFGCMHOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-139 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,4',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-96-2 YESDYWNWEVPOLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-140 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,4',6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 243982-83-4 FLRODCDHJZNIGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-141 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-97-3 XTXIYMGRRUJOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-142 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-98-4 LJDGJCNHVGGOFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-143 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446254-99-5 RQLZDUSZXOOBTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-144 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-00-1 ZMSJCQOCTPYCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-145 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4,6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-01-2 BTKLHMBWCRVCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-146 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-02-3 HGXPYDNHBUCRTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-147 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4',5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 116995-33-6 OWBKWMDBTWHGHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-148 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-03-4 OJMHGSMSQZEBFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-149 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-04-5 UJOUSZKYGGTPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-150 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,4',6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-05-6 SQNOZOVDXXSLSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-151 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,5,5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-06-7 NGOQQUYCSISZMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-152 C12H4Br6O 2,2',3,5,6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-07-8 BYBJJARTBKUIJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-153 C12H4Br6O 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 68631-49-2 RZXIRSKYBISPGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-154 C12H4Br6O 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 207122-15-4 VHNPZYZQKWIWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-155 C12H4Br6O 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 35854-94-5 HRSCBOSGEKXXSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-156 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexabromodiphenyl ether 405237-85-6 JSDPCMJWYRDQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-157 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,4',5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-08-9 JUOAMVUIJQJZSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-158 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,4',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-09-0 KRYHHTVQOOJNHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-159 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-10-3 IDYFFNCFLRCOPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-160 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-11-4 OCVOYHGOXIIONK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-161 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4,5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-12-5 WEYWRBBPPKSRGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-162 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-13-6 UKPNCLHMNJCGCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-163 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4',5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-14-7 NUEAHMLXQFHEJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-164 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-15-8 UJVYVXIHTJOJBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-165 C12H4Br6O 2,3,3',5,5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-16-9 KXERERDGMTWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-166 C12H4Br6O 2,3,4,4',5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 189084-58-0 KVYODBMKQYVNEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-167 C12H4Br6O 2,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-17-0 NMUPLZRHSXJCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-168 C12H4Br6O 2,3',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether 53551-87-4 HWZAPXGFMVEGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-169 C12H4Br6O 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether 446255-18-1 JKFBMDHBJYKFKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-170 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5-heptabromodiphenyl ether 327185-13-7 DLPNCMQTNWLTHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-171 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,4',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-19-2 FRMMMROUUPQUMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-172 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,5,5'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 407606-59-1 DSRRSKFMOJQETR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-173 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-20-5 NLBLNZDNOSSGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-174 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,5,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-21-6 VUUWOHUOYUGBEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-175 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 6255-22-7 YATZWTXATDYQCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-176 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,6,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 407606-61-5 SWUALKCOTZOSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-177 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',4,5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-23-8 ZHUHLPXIJIBQBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-178 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-24-9 UWUVZUPEEORCRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-179 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,3',5,6,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-25-0 COVXWWKOLMNRQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-180 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-26-1 STMBXVOJNOJRPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-181 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,4',5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 189084-67-1 GVNRIAPLVGNZPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-182 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,4',5,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 442690-45-1 ZYHDTADADSNMLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-183 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 207122-16-5 ILPSCQCLBHQUEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-184 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,4',6,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 117948-63-7 JHDCZVAQPRXHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-185 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 405237-86-7 YRNMIFAQDSUFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-186 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4,5,6,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-27-2 WUFQDCMRKKDNSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-187 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-28-3 RFZPXOBFDARWHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-188 C12H3Br7O 2,2',3,4',5,6,6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 116995-32-5 YGYDHFDPVGAMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-189 C12H3Br7O 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptabromodiphenyl ether 259087-35-9 CQVLRTUESBMMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-190 C12H3Br7O 2,3,3',4,4',5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 189084-68-2 OUEYHQIMJGHOQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-191 C12H3Br7O 2,3,3',4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-30-7 BNBFKFHSIPERIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-192 C12H3Br7O 2,3,3',4,5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 407578-53-4 ABLZOLAUBUSUHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-193 C12H3Br7O 2,3,3',4',5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether 446255-34-1 AUFJSWANTKXCFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-194 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether 32536-52-0 ORYGKUIDIMIRNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-195 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-38-5 GPQLSLKPHQEEOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-196 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-39-6 IEWFKOVTVJNWFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-197 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,4',6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 117964-21-3 AAFUUKPTSPVXJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-198 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-42-1 IBKRHVDFFHQOSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-199 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-43-2 JNSLJYRXDGBNBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-200 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,5,6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-46-5 JWMXGEPFVCRXQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-201 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',4,5',6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-50-1 HQWFMMKREWXIGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-202 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 67797-09-5 AHNZLQAZTWRRDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-203 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether 337513-72-1 RTUZOQFRIPIWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-204 C12H2Br8O 2,2',3,4,4',5,6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-54-5 YZABCBOJTHQTSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-205 C12H2Br8O 2,3,3',4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether 446255-56-7 CVMKCYDBEYHNBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-206 C12HBr9O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether 63387-28-0 CYRHBNRLQMLULE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-207 C12HBr9O 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether 437701-79-6 IEEVDIAVLGLVOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-208 C12HBr9O 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether 437701-78-5 ASGZXYIDLFWXID-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PBDE-209 C12Br10O decabromodiphenyl ether 1163-19-5 WHHGLZMJPXIBIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Production

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PBDEs were produced commercially via the bromination of diphenyl ether,[8] with three technical-grade mixtures being sold, varying by degree of bromination.

In the United States, PBDEs were marketed with the trade names DE-60F, DE-61, DE-62, and DE-71 applied to pentaBDE mixtures, DE-79 applied to octaBDE mixtures, and DE 83R and Saytex 102E applied to decaBDE mixtures. The available commercial PBDE products were not single compounds or even single congeners but rather mixtures of congeners.

Technical pentaBDE predominantly contained pentabromo derivatives (50–62%); however, the mixture also contained tetrabromides (24–38%) and hexabromides (4–8%), as well as traces of the tribromides (0–1%). Technical octaBDE was a mixture of homologs: hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and decabromides. Technical decaBDE was 97% decabromide, with small amounts of octa- and nonabromides.[7]

Commercial production of PBDEs began in the 1970s,[9] and continued until the early 2010s. Cumulative global production is estimated to have been 175 kt for pentaBDE, 130 kt for octaBDE, and 1600 kt for decaBDE.[10]

Health and environmental concerns

[edit]

Exposure

[edit]

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can be released into the environment where they are used or produced, possibly entering air, water, soil or the human digestive system when consumed, inhaled or via the skin.[11][12] Despite the banning and phase out of several forms of PBDEs, many consumer products still contain them in the 21st century, and represent potential exposure sources, including furniture and other consumer products containing polyurethane foam, appliances, pipes, plastics, and old electronic equipment.[11][13]

Generally, governments have determined that PBDEs are not harmful to human health in the exposure amounts assessed.[11][12][14] Ingestion of house dust accounts for 80-90% of total PBDE exposure, while the remaining exposure occurs from food ingestion.[11][12] PBDE-contaminated foods, particularly those high in fat content, such as fatty meats or fish, are possible sources of exposure.[11] In breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an exposure source because PBDEs can be present in the mother and her milk.[11] Various other food items may contain PBDEs, including meat, meat products, dairy products, and seafood.[11][14]

PBDEs have not been detected beyond trace levels in water.[11] In the environment, soils and sediments are the major deposits for PBDEs.[11] PBDEs can enter soil from discarded products, such as in landfills. As biosolids (sewage) may contain PBDEs, exposure from soils or farmlands that have been fertilized with biosolids may occur.[11] Wildlife may have exposure by consuming foods containing PBDEs, whereas organisms that live in sediments may be contaminated by PBDEs.[12]

Excretion

[edit]

PBDEs and their metabolites are excreted mainly in the feces and some in the urine.[11] Owing to their deposition in body fat stores, some PBDEs remain in the body for many years, and may enter the bodies of unborn babies via the placenta.[11]

Research on health effects

[edit]

Nothing certain has been established about the effects of PBDEs on human health.[11][12][14] Most information regarding toxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is from early-stage animal studies.[14] Evidence for PBDE-mediated effects from human studies in systems other than the developing nervous system, such as in cancer development, is inconclusive or non-existent.[11] Particularly for the potential effects of PBDEs on the developing fetus, research has focused on the health status of mothers and gestational age of the infant.[15]

Sediment contamination

[edit]

Increasing environmental concentrations and changing distributions of PBDEs in sediments of the Clyde River Estuary in Scotland, UK have been assessed.[16] Analysis of six sediment cores each of 1 m depth from Glasgow city to Greenock revealed that total concentrations increased toward the river bed surface (0–10 cm). Amounts of PBDE ranged from 1 to 2,645 µg/kg (dry wt. sediment) with a mean of 287 µg/kg (dry wt. sediment).[16] Down-core PBDE congener profiles showed that higher concentrations were due to elevated levels of BDE-209. The majority of the sediment records clearly showed a change from mainly lower molecular weight BDEs 47,99, 183, 153 at lower depths to BDE-209 near the surface, a change in congener and homologue group patterns that corresponds to the restrictions of penta- and octaBDE commercial mixtures under EU law in 2004–2006.

While biodegradation is not considered the main pathway for PBDEs, photolysis and pyrolysis can be of interest in studies of transformation of PBDEs.[17][18]

Regulations of PBDEs

[edit]

In August, 2003, the State of California outlawed the sale of penta- and octaBDE and products containing them, effective January 1, 2008.[19] PBDEs are ubiquitous in the environment, and, according to the EPA, exposure may pose health risks. According to U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System, evidence indicates that PBDEs may possess liver toxicity, thyroid toxicity, and neurodevelopmental toxicity.[20][21] In June 2008, the U.S. EPA set a safe daily exposure level ranging from 0.1 to 7 ug per kg body weight per day for the four most common PBDE congeners.[22][21][23][20] In April 2007, the legislature of the state of Washington passed a bill banning the use of PBDEs.[24] The State of Maine Department of Environmental Protection found that all PBDEs should be banned.[25] In May 2007, the legislature of the state of Maine passed a bill phasing out the use of decaPBDE.[26] The U.S. importers and manufacturers of PBDEs have now withdrawn them from sale, by the end of 2004 for pentaBDE and octaBDE, and by the end of 2013 for decaBDE.[7][27]

The European Union decided to ban the use of two classes of flame retardants, in particular, PBDEs and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in electric and electronic devices. This ban was formalised in the RoHS Directive, and an upper limit of 1 g/kg for the sum of PBBs and PBDEs was set. In February 2009, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements released two certified reference materials to help analytical laboratories better detect these two classes of flame retardants. The reference materials were custom-made to contain all relevant PBDEs and PBBs at levels close to the legal limit.

At an international level, in May 2009 the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) decided to list commercial pentaBDE and commercial octaBDE as POP substances. This listing is due to the properties of hexaBDE and heptaBDE, which are components of commercial octaBDE, and to the properties of tetraBDE and pentaBDE, which are the main components of commercial pentaBDE.[28] In 2017, it was decided to also list decaBDE.[4][29]

Alternatives

[edit]

Major decaBDE producers have switched to manufacturing decabromodiphenyl ethane, a structurally related compound that has also come under suspicion as an environmental pollutant.[2]: 21  Non-halogenated alternatives also exist.[2][27]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Keller A, Ferguson PL, van Bergen S, Cooper E, Webster TF, Blum A (2011). "Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products". Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (12): 5323–31. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.5323S. doi:10.1021/es2007462. PMC 3113369. PMID 21591615.
  2. ^ a b c Beard, Adrian; Battenberg, Christian; Sutker, Burton J. (2021). "Flame Retardants". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_123.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. S2CID 261178139.
  3. ^ "Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty" (Press release). Geneva: Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b "C.N.766.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification) | Amendments to annexes A and C" (PDF). Stockholm Convention. United Nations. 18 December 2017. CN.766.2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2018.
  5. ^ Frank Rahman; et al. (2001). "Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants". Science of the Total Environment. 275 (1–3): 1–17. Bibcode:2001ScTEn.275....1R. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00852-x. PMID 11482396.
  6. ^ Kellyn S. Betts (2001-12-07). "Rapidly rising PBDE levels in North America". Environmental Science & Technology. Archived from the original on 2002-11-07.
  7. ^ a b c "Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)" (PDF). 22 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  8. ^ Darnerud, P O; Eriksen, G S; Jóhannesson, T; Larsen, P B; Viluksela, M (2001). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology". Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 (suppl 1): 49–68. doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s149. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1240542. PMID 11250805.
  9. ^ "Guidance for the inventory of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (draft, revised Jan 2017)" (PDF). chm.pops.int. Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention. January 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  10. ^ Abbasi, Golnoush; Li, Li; Breivik, Knut (4 June 2019). "Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (11): 6330–6340. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b07032. hdl:11250/2611702. ISSN 0013-936X.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Public Health Statement for PBDEs". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) - information sheet". Health Canada, Government of Canada. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  13. ^ "Brominated flame retardants". European Food Safety Authority. 23 October 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (24 January 2024). "Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food". EFSA Journal. 22 (1): e8497. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497.
  15. ^ Wang Z, Zhang C, Williams PL, et al. (June 2022). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in early pregnancy and preterm birth: Findings from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 243: 113978. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113978. PMC 9302707. PMID 35569252.
  16. ^ a b Vane, Christopher H.; Ma, Yun-Juan; Chen, She-Jun; Mai, Bi-Xian (2009). "Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary, UK" (PDF). Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 32 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6. ISSN 0269-4042. PMID 19347590. S2CID 102768.
  17. ^ Hutzinger O; Thoma, H.; et al. (1987). "Polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans". Chemosphere. 16 (8–9): 1877–1880. Bibcode:1987Chmsp..16.1877H. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(87)90181-0.
  18. ^ Watanabe I; Kashimoto, Takashi; Tatsukawa, Ryo; et al. (1987). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river sediments in Japan". Chemosphere. 16 (10–12): 2389–2396. Bibcode:1987Chmsp..16.2389W. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(87)90297-9.
  19. ^ "BILL NUMBER: AB 302, An act to add Chapter 10 (commencing with Section 108920) to Part 3 of Division 104 of the Health and Safety Code, relating to toxic substances". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  20. ^ a b US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicological Profile for Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Integrated Risk Information System, June 2008.
  21. ^ a b US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicological Profile for 2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), Integrated Risk Information System, June 2008.
  22. ^ US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicological Profile for 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), Integrated Risk Information System, June 2008.
  23. ^ US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicological Profile for 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), Integrated Risk Information System, June 2008.
  24. ^ "Chemical ban puts industry on the defensive." State of Washington bans use of PBDEs.
  25. ^ [1][permanent dead link‍] "DEP urges legislative ban on fire retardant"
  26. ^ "Maine Legislature votes to ban toxic Deca flame retardant." Archived 2013-01-13 at archive.today State of Maine bans use of DecaBDE.
  27. ^ a b "Partnership to Evaluate Flame Retardant Alternatives to DecaBDE". 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  28. ^ House, Stockholm Convention Clearing. "Information on the 16 chemicals added to the Stockholm Convention".
  29. ^ Sharkey, Martin; Harrad, Stuart; Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Mohamed; Drage, Daniel S.; Berresheim, Harald (2020). "Phasing-out of legacy brominated flame retardants: The UNEP Stockholm Convention and other legislative action worldwide". Environment International. 144: 106041. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106041. hdl:10379/16242. PMID 32822924.
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